For centuries, Europe has been the intellectual center of the world. Since the Middle Ages, its universities have served as hubs of knowledge, innovation, and critical thinking. In fact, the first institutions of higher education emerged here, and their model has been replicated across the globe. Today, thanks to its rich history, cultural diversity, academic excellence, and dynamic student life, Europe remains one of the most attractive academic destinations worldwide. More and more students from around the world choose European universities as their top option for an international academic experience.

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Among them, five institutions stand out not only for their excellence, but also for having operated continuously for centuries. These are the oldest universities in Europe.

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University of Bologna (Italy) – Founded in 1088

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The oldest university in the Western world

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Recognized as the oldest university in the Western world still in continuous operation, the University of Bologna is considered the birthplace of the modern university system. Established in 1088, it introduced an academic structure that would be adopted by institutions across Europe and beyond. It was also the first to use the term universitas to describe a community of students and professors.

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In the Middle Ages, Bologna gained particular renown for its law studies, attracting students from across the continent, including major historical figures like Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch, and Nicolaus Copernicus. Over the centuries, the university has preserved its prestige while evolving to embrace technological innovation and modern teaching methods, without losing its historical identity.

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University of Oxford (United Kingdom) – Teaching since 1096 (formalized in 1249)

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Tradition, excellence, and global leadership

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While the exact date of its founding is unknown, teaching was already taking place in Oxford by 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world. Its university structure was formalized with the creation of University College in 1249, setting the foundation for the collegiate system Oxford is known for today.

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Throughout its history, Oxford has educated world leaders, scientists, writers, and influential thinkers. Its alumni include 28 UK prime ministers, over 70 Nobel Prize winners, and literary icons like J.R.R. Tolkien and Oscar Wilde. Oxford is particularly known for its tutorial system, offering students highly personalized education in small groups. Its historic libraries, architecture, and academic traditions make it one of the most respected institutions in the world.

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University of Cambridge (United Kingdom) – Founded in 1209

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From conflict to academic excellence

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The University of Cambridge was born out of conflict. In 1209, a group of scholars left Oxford following tensions with the local community and settled in Cambridge. Since then, the university has developed its own identity, grounded in academic excellence and cutting-edge research.

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Cambridge is renowned for its contributions to scientific advancement. Legendary figures like Isaac Newton, Charles Darwin, Rosalind Franklin, and Stephen Hawking studied or worked here. Its discoveries have shaped science, medicine, and the humanities for centuries. Like Oxford, Cambridge features a collegiate system and offers a vibrant academic and student life. Its library, home to over eight million books, is one of the most significant in Europe, housing historic treasures such as original copies of the Gutenberg Bible.

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University of Salamanca (Spain) – Founded in 1218

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A beacon of knowledge in the Spanish-speaking world

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Founded by King Alfonso IX in 1218, the University of Salamanca is the oldest in Spain and one of the most iconic in the Spanish-speaking world. From its early days, it played a major role during the cultural and scientific expansion of the Spanish Empire. Its influence peaked during the 15th and 16th centuries, becoming an intellectual powerhouse during the Renaissance and Spain’s Golden Age.

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At Salamanca, critical debates took place on major historical issues—such as the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Americas as early as the 16th century. Beyond its academic contributions, the university is also famous for its ornate Plateresque façade and unique traditions, such as the search for the frog carved into a skull—a popular ritual among visitors. Today, Salamanca blends its historical legacy with modern academic offerings and a student experience that attracts thousands of international students each year.

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University of Padua (Italy) – Founded in 1222

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Academic freedom and scientific spirit

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The University of Padua was founded by a group of professors and students who left the University of Bologna in search of greater academic freedom. Since its creation in 1222, Padua has been defined by its independence and strong commitment to science and reason.

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The university played a crucial role in the development of scientific thought during the Renaissance. Galileo Galilei taught there for nearly two decades, helping solidify its status as a major center for the study of astronomy and physics. In 1678, Padua also made history by granting a university degree to Elena Cornaro Piscopia, the first woman in the world to earn one. Today, the university continues to stand out for its research, international outlook, and focus on scientific innovation.

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These five universities are not only among the oldest in Europe; they also share a deep and lasting impact on education and intellectual history. They have witnessed centuries of change, from intellectual revolutions to scientific breakthroughs and social transformation. Thanks to this remarkable academic legacy, Europe remains a top choice for international students seeking quality education, living history, and a truly transformative experience.